TRENDEAtlas of the Sultans · 31 / 38 · sultan
Mahmud II
He recentralised the state: he abolished the Janissaries and founded modern ministries, schools and the census. The territorial losses were heavy (Greece, Algiers, Bessarabia), but the administrative structure he built made the Tanzimat possible.
Open the reign of Mahmud II on the mapFamily
| Father | Abdulhamid I |
|---|---|
| Mother | Nakşidil Sultan |
| Consorts | Bezmiâlem Sultan, Pertevniyal Sultan, Nevfidan Kadın, Alicenab Kadın, Aşubcan Kadın (and many others) |
| Children | Abdulmejid I, Abdulaziz, Adile Sultan, Saliha Sultan, Mihrimah Sultan, Atiye Sultan (he had many children, most of whom died young) |
Major achievements
- Abolition of the Janissaries (the ‘Auspicious Incident’, 1826) and creation of a new army
- The imperial council system turned into ministries
- First census (1831) and Takvim-i Vekayi, the first official gazette (1831)
- Postal, quarantine and land-registry services founded
- Opening of the Imperial School of Medicine and the Military Academy
- Abolition of confiscation and guarantees of property
- Dress reform and the fez
- First students sent to Europe
Treaties
- Treaty of Bucharest (1812, Russia)
- Treaty of Adrianople (1829, Russia)
- Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833, Russia)
- Treaty of Balta Liman (1838, Britain)
Grand viziers
| Name | From | To | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alemdar Mustafa Pasha | July 29, 1808 | November 15, 1808 | |
| Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha | November 15, 1808 | January 1, 1809 | |
| Çarhacı Ali Pasha | January 1, 1809 | March 1809 | |
| Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (term 2) | March 1809 | April 10, 1811 | |
| Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha | April 10, 1811 | September 5, 1812 | |
| Hurşid Ahmed Pasha | September 5, 1812 | March 30, 1815 | |
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha | March 30, 1815 | January 6, 1818 | |
| Burdurlu Derviş Mehmed Pasha | January 6, 1818 | January 5, 1820 | |
| Ispartalı Seyyid Ali Pasha | January 5, 1820 | April 21, 1821 | |
| Benderli Ali Pasha | April 21, 1821 | April 30, 1821 | |
| Hacı Salih Pasha | April 30, 1821 | November 11, 1822 | |
| Deli Abdullah Pasha | November 11, 1822 | March 4, 1823 | |
| Silahdar Ali Pasha | March 4, 1823 | December 1823 | |
| Mehmed Said Galip Pasha | December 1823 | September 15, 1824 | |
| Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Pasha | September 15, 1824 | October 26, 1828 | |
| Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha | October 26, 1828 | January 28, 1829 | |
| Reşid Mehmed Pasha | January 28, 1829 | February 17, 1833 | |
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (term 2) | February 17, 1833 | July 8, 1839 |
Battles and treaties
| Year | Event | Result / parties |
|---|---|---|
| 1812 | Treaty: Treaty of Bucharest | Russian Empire |
| 1827 | Naval battle: Navarino | Allied victory |
| 1829 | Treaty: Treaty of Adrianople | Russian Empire |
| 1830 | Event: French invasion of Algiers | French victory · Pacification of Algeria |
| 1833 | Treaty: Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi | |
| 1838 | Treaty: Treaty of Balta Liman |
Full infoboxes are in the site’s “Battles and Treaties” tab; source: English Wikipedia.
Death
He died of tuberculosis at Çamlıca in 1839.
Territorial change
The lands that changed hands in this period, and the battles or treaties that brought the changes, can be seen on the map: map of the reign of Mahmud II.