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Murad II

Born 1404 · Died 1451 · Reign 1421–1451 (30 years) · Accession 1421, aged 17

By stopping the crusades twice he made the Ottoman presence in the Balkans permanent. He was an introspective ruler who preferred peace; his double abdication and return is the most extraordinary event of the age.

Open the reign of Murad II on the map

Family

Father	Mehmed I
Mother	Emine Hatun
Consorts	Hüma Hatun, Mara Branković (daughter of the Serbian despot), Yeni Hatun (Candarid), Halime Hatun
Children	Mehmed II (the Conqueror), Alaeddin Ali, Ahmed, Orhan, Hatice Hatun, Şehzade Hatun

Major achievements

Thessalonica taken from Venice (1430)
Victories at Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448)
Germiyan principality joined by bequest (1429)
Üç Şerefeli Mosque in Edirne and the Muradiye complexes
Left the throne to his son for two years and returned — unique in the dynasty's history
Siege of Constantinople (1422) and Byzantium made tributary again

Treaties

Treaty of Edirne-Szeged (1444) — a ten-year peace with Hungary and Serbia

Grand viziers

Name	From	To	Length
Bayezid Pasha	May 26, 1421	1421	0 years
Çandarlı (1.) İbrahim Pasha	1421	1429	7-8 years
Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha	1429	1438	8-9 years
Çandarlı Halil Pasha	1438	August 1444	5-6 years
Çandarlı Halil Pasha	September 1446	February 3, 1451	4-5 years

Battles and treaties

Year	Event	Result / parties
1430	Siege: Conquest of Thessalonica	Ottoman victory
1444	Battle: Varna	Ottoman victory
1444	Treaty: Treaty of Edirne-Szeged	Ottoman Empire, Hungary, Serbian Despotate
1448	Battle: Second Battle of Kosovo	Ottoman victory

Full infoboxes are in the site’s “Battles and Treaties” tab; source: English Wikipedia.

Death

He died of a brain haemorrhage in Edirne in 1451.

Territorial change

The lands that changed hands in this period, and the battles or treaties that brought the changes, can be seen on the map: map of the reign of Murad II.