TR EN DE FR ARAtlas of the Sultans · Cities and countries

When was Turkey under Ottoman rule?

51 cities

The Ottoman principality was born on the soil of today's Turkey; Anatolia and Thrace remained the core of the state until its end.

The principality was founded around Söğüt and Bilecik at the end of the 13th century; Bursa was taken in 1326 and became the capital. Most of Anatolia joined the state in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the eastern and south-eastern provinces under Selim I and Süleyman. After the First World War the Turkish War of Independence drew today's borders, and the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923.

First Ottoman year1291Last Ottoman yearuntil 1922Longest Ottoman period630 years

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Cities in this country

Eskişehir630 years1291 – until 1922 Bursa594 years1326 – until 1922 Iznik589 years1331 – until 1922 Izmit584 years1337 – until 1922 Balıkesir564 years1345 – until 1922 Ankara568 years1354 – until 1922 Tekirdağ563 years1357 – until 1922 Çanakkale562 years1360 – until 1922 Edirne558 years1361 – until 1922 Kırklareli552 years1368 – until 1922 Isparta548 years1374 – until 1922 Aydın505 years1390 – until 1922 İzmir507 years1390 – until 1922 Kütahya504 years1390 – until 1922 Muğla508 years1390 – until 1922 Uşak503 years1390 – until 1922 Burdur529 years1391 – until 1922 Denizli504 years1391 – until 1922 Konya459 years1397 – until 1922 Karaman456 years1397 – until 1922 Amasya524 years1398 – until 1922 Çorum524 years1398 – until 1922 Kayseri452 years1398 – until 1922 Sivas516 years1398 – until 1922 Tokat524 years1398 – until 1922 Samsun502 years1420 – until 1922 Antalya497 years1423 – until 1922 Afyonkarahisar492 years1429 – until 1922 Istanbul469 years1453 – until 1922 Trabzon459 years1461 – until 1922 Gümüşhane459 years1461 – until 1922 Kastamonu461 years1461 – until 1922 Sinop461 years1461 – until 1922 Rize459 years1461 – until 1922 Bitlis408 years1514 – until 1922 Erzincan406 years1514 – until 1922 Muş408 years1514 – until 1922 Bayburt406 years1514 – until 1922 Siirt408 years1514 – until 1922 Diyarbakır407 years1515 – until 1922 Elazığ407 years1515 – until 1922 Antakya402 years1516 – 1918 Gaziantep404 years1516 – until 1922 Malatya406 years1516 – until 1922 Adana393 years1517 – until 1922 Mardin405 years1517 – until 1922 Şanlıurfa404 years1517 – until 1922 Kahramanmaraş397 years1522 – until 1922 Erzurum386 years1534 – until 1922 Kars331 years1537 – until 1922 Van371 years1548 – until 1922

Chronology

1291
Became Ottoman · Eskişehir
According to Ottoman tradition Osman Gazi conquered Karacahisar this year; the first Friday sermon was read at Karacahisar and the feast sermon at Eskişehir.
1326
Became Ottoman · Bursa
Starving after the long blockade, the city surrendered to the Ottomans on 6 April 1326; Orhan Bey made Bursa his capital.
1331
Became Ottoman · Iznik
On 2 March 1331 the Byzantine commander surrendered the city to Orhan Bey, on condition that anyone could stay or leave.
1337
Became Ottoman · Izmit
The city passed to the Ottomans and was entrusted to Orhan Bey's son Süleyman Pasha.
1345
Became Ottoman · Balıkesir
Orhan Bey annexed the Karesi principality; the conquest of Balıkesir and its surroundings was completed in his reign.
1354
Became Ottoman · Ankara
Süleyman Pasha, son of Orhan, annexed the city to the Ottoman realm.
1357
Became Ottoman · Tekirdağ
The area was conquered under Süleyman Pasha, most likely in 1357–1358.
1360
Became Ottoman · Çanakkale
When Prince Murad annexed the area for good, the Çanakkale region passed under Ottoman rule.
1361
Became Ottoman · Edirne
The date of the conquest is disputed (1361, 1362, 1367 and 1369 have been proposed); the prevailing view is that Murad and Lala Şahin took it in 1361.
1368
Became Ottoman · Kırklareli
Conquered under Murad I; sources give 1366 or 1368–69 for the conquest.
1374
Became Ottoman · Isparta
According to İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Isparta was among the six towns the Hamidids sold to the Ottomans, and so came under Ottoman rule.
1390
Became Ottoman · Aydın
The city was first brought under Ottoman rule by Bayezid I.
1390
Became Ottoman · İzmir
The Ottomans took the Aydın region, and with it İzmir, for the first time; the harbour castle remained with the Knights of St John.
1390
Became Ottoman · Kütahya
Bayezid I annexed Kütahya and all the Germiyan lands.
1390
Became Ottoman · Muğla
In Bayezid I's campaign against the Anatolian principalities the Balat and Muğla branches of Menteşe were taken.
1390
Became Ottoman · Uşak
Bayezid I brought the Germiyan principality within Ottoman borders, and Uşak joined the Ottoman lands.
1391
Became Ottoman · Burdur
When Bayezid I annexed the Hamidid principality, Burdur too came under Ottoman rule.
1391
Became Ottoman · Denizli
Bayezid I came to Denizli and annexed these lands.
1397
Became Ottoman · Konya
Bayezid I took the city into Ottoman rule and left his son as governor.
1397
Became Ottoman · Karaman
Larende was taken by Bayezid I.
1398
Became Ottoman · Amasya
After his struggle with Kadı Burhaneddin, Bayezid I annexed Amasya and gave its government to his son Mehmed.
1398
Became Ottoman · Çorum
After Kadı Burhaneddin's defeat and the end of his state, all his lands, Çorum among them, came under Ottoman rule.
1398
Became Ottoman · Kayseri
On the death of Kadı Burhaneddin, Bayezid I annexed the city.
1398
Became Ottoman · Sivas
After Kadı Burhaneddin's death the city passed to the Ottomans.
1398
Became Ottoman · Tokat
After Kadı Burhaneddin was killed, the townspeople, weary of feuding emirs, invited the Ottomans, who took the city.
1400
Left Ottoman rule · Sivas
Timur besieged and took the city, which suffered heavy damage.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Balıkesir
After the Battle of Ankara the Karesi region slipped from Ottoman hands.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Aydın
After the Battle of Ankara Timur handed the area back to the Aydınids.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · İzmir
Timur took the city in December 1402 and returned Aydın to its former lords; İzmir was ruled by Cüneyd Bey of Aydın.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Kütahya
After the Battle of Ankara Timur handed the area back to the Germiyanids.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Muğla
After the Battle of Ankara Timur handed the area back to the Menteşe dynasty.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Uşak
After the Battle of Ankara Timur handed the area back to the Germiyanids.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Denizli
After the Battle of Ankara Timur handed the area back to the Germiyanids.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Konya
After the Battle of Ankara the strengthened Karamanids retook Konya.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Karaman
After the Battle of Ankara the town passed back to the Karamanids.
1402
Left Ottoman rule · Kayseri
After the Battle of Ankara the city left Ottoman hands.
1408
Became Ottoman · Sivas
After fierce resistance the city fell to the Ottomans a second time.
1413
Became Ottoman · Balıkesir
When Mehmed I ended the Interregnum the region returned to Ottoman rule.
1420
Became Ottoman · Samsun
In the Canik campaign of 1418 the southern parts of the region became Ottoman; Samsun was taken two years later.
1423
Became Ottoman · Antalya
Osman Çelebi of Teke, trying to retake Antalya, was killed in January 1423 by the Ottoman commander of Teke Karahisarı; the Teke principality ended.
and 102 more events (on the city pages)

Source: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, article “TÜRKİYE” (in Turkish) and the atlas's city pages. Present-day borders are used.