When did Erzurum become Ottoman?

Chronology

1. 1514
   Note

   After Chaldiran most of eastern Anatolia became Ottoman, but the full capture of the city had to wait until Persian influence was broken.

   Sultan: Selim I
2. 1534
   Became Ottoman

   During Süleyman's campaign of the Two Iraqs the province of Erzurum was created.

   Sultan: Suleiman I
3. 1829
   Note

   The Russians took the city but had to give it back under the Treaty of Adrianople on 14 September 1829.

   Sultan: Mahmud II
4. 1878
   Note

   Never taken by force, the city was handed to the Russians under the Armistice of Adrianople on 31 January 1878 and evacuated after the Treaty of Berlin.

   Sultan: Abdulhamid II
5. 1916
   Left Ottoman rule

   The Russians entered the city on 16 February 1916.

   Sultan: Mehmed V
6. 1918
   Became Ottoman

   Turkish troops under Kâzım Karabekir Pasha liberated the city on 12 March 1918.

   Sultan: Mehmed V
7. 1919
   Note

   From 23 July to 7 August 1919 the Erzurum Congress, the first congress of the national struggle, met here.

   Sultan: Mehmed VI

How the total is counted: years of actual Ottoman rule are added up. Temporary occupations shorter than a year (that were reversed) are not subtracted; they appear as notes in the chronology.

In the atlas

On the atlas map the city lies in the region “Erzurum–Bayburt–Erzincan”. Map colours work at region level, so the city's own dates may differ from the region's by a few years.

Source: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, “ERZURUM” (Turkish); text written for the atlas.