TRENDEFRAtlas of the Sultans · Glossary
Term · Reform and the final era
Also known as: Meşrutiyet, First and Second Constitutional Era
A form of government in which the ruler's powers are limited by a constitution and an elected parliament.
The period from the proclamation of the constitution on 23 December 1876 to the prorogation of parliament on 13 February 1878 is called the First Constitutional Era. The period after parliament was summoned again on 23–24 July 1908 is called the Second Constitutional Era.
Open the map in 1908Source: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, article “MEŞRUTİYET” (in Turkish); text condensed for the atlas.