TRENDEFRARAtlas of the Sultans · Wars, battles and treaties
Battle · 1921
After the Second Battle of İnönü, King Constantine of Greece came to İzmir on 13 June 1921 to take command of the army. According to the TDV article on the National Struggle, the Greeks, having raised their forces in Anatolia to eleven divisions, rejected the allies' offer of mediation on 21 June and attacked on 10 July. Caught unprepared, the Turkish army evacuated Eskişehir on Mustafa Kemal Pasha's orders and withdrew east of the Sakarya. While the Greeks proclaimed it a victory, the people went into mourning; Chief of the General Staff Fevzi Pasha took responsibility for the defeat, but criticism continued. The Grand National Assembly then gave all its powers to Mustafa Kemal Pasha for three months under the Commander-in-Chief Law, and the Battle of Sakarya followed.
| Date | From 10 July 1921 |
|---|---|
| Location | Kütahya, Afyon and Eskişehir |
| Result | The Turkish army evacuated Eskişehir and withdrew east of the Sakarya |
| Belligerents | Ankara Government | Kingdom of Greece |
|---|---|---|
| Commanders | Constantine I |
Took place during the reign of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1923–1938). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
The atlas records this territorial change for the year:
By the atlas's calculation the Ottoman lands covered about 773,000 km² in 1921; at the start of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency they measured 773,000 km², at its end 773,000 km².
During Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1923–1938) the atlas records 2 regions gained and 0 regions lost.
Regions gained: Kars–Ardahan–Artvin (1920), Antep–Kilis (1921).
Born in Thessaloniki in 1881, he graduated from the War College and the Staff College and became a staff officer. He distinguished himself in Tripolitania (1911–1912) and at Gallipoli (1915), where his command at Arıburnu and Anafartalar made his name. Landing at Samsun on 19 May 1919, he launched the War of Independence and, as President of the Grand National Assembly and Commander-in-Chief, won the battles of Sakarya and the Great Offensive. He became the first president of the Republic of Turkey proclaimed on 29 October 1923 and held the office until his death. He carried out sweeping reforms in law, education, the alphabet, dress and women's rights; in 1934 the Assembly gave him the surname Atatürk. He died in Istanbul on 10 November 1938.
Areas are land area computed from the atlas's region data; see Method and sources.
Source: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, “MİLLÎ MÜCADELE” (Turkish); text written for the atlas.
Cite as: Atlas of the Sultans, “Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir (1921): Date, Commanders and Outcome”, https://padisahlaratlasi.com/en/events/battle-of-kutahya-eskisehir/ (last updated 12 November 2026). Corrections